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Ethical aspects of handling data acquired from experiments on people
Constable, Marika ; Fošum, Jan (advisor) ; Sousedík, Prokop (referee)
The presented master's thesis examines experiments on humans conducted in Nazi concentration camps during WWII and focuses on the conflict between the victims on one side and scientists on the other. In this conflict, which is centered around the fate of the data, both sides take a strong stand. The criteria for an ethical evaluation is to objectively articulate the main argumentation pillars from both sides and assess their validity in the contrast of two ethical theories which are virtue theory and the theory of consequentialism. To reach this objective, the thesis draws from available literal and audio-visual sources from the fields of history, philosophy, psychology, anthropology and bioethics. The paper is divided into three main parts. The first part is dedicated to terminology, technical execution, integrity, impact and logistics of the experiments. The second part analyzes victim testimonies and impact statements and arguments that had been put forward by the research community. The third part deals with the meaning of the term person's dignity/KAVOD, evaluates the argument points in the contrast of ethical theories, introduces the phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and deliberates the scientific community stance. Keywords Bioethics, cognitive dissonance, concentration camps,...
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Effect of cognitive dissonance on altruistic behavior in nonprofit sector
Tížková, Tereza ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Klimeš, David (referee)
The field of behavioral economics has been developing rapidly a during the recent period. This sphere of economics operates with cognitive biases, heuristics and other factors influencing human judgements and provoking the decisions commonly referred to as irrational. The phenomena affecting human mind when making decisions under uncertainty include the so- called cognitive dissonance, an unpleasant obnoxious state of conflict, usually between our inner values and the acts we make. Humans, even though often unconsciously, aim to mitigate the dissonance feeling, usually without being able to address the phenomenon. In the empirical part of this paper, random sample of subjects was manipulated to face the threat of cognitive dissonance in two experiment Modifications, and to experience the dissonance straightaway in the case of the third Modification. Subsequently, the effect on respondents' helping behaviour was measured. Analysis of the resulting dataset then revealed an interesting, statistically significant relationship between creating a positive self-image (or also distorting it) and acting altruistically afterwards. The research results are applicable in profit or non-profit sector communications. The initial objective here was, above all, making the marketing strategies more efficient in the fields of...
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Money Illusion and Sunk Costs
Javor, Matúš ; Musil, Martin (advisor) ; Dvořák, Jiří (referee)
Bachelor thesis on the topic Money Illusion and Sunk Costs deals with irrational behaviour of individuals, or more precisely with effects, which cause such behaviour. Namely, it is the case of phenomenons of money illusion and taking sunk costs into account. The main purpose of the thesis is to summarize theoretical knowledge about the phenomenons and subsequently, using the experiment, apply and verify gained theoretical knowledge on representative sample of individuals.
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Luxury economics - Why VŠE students do(n't) buy counterfeits
Štegmann, Tomáš ; Rod, Aleš (advisor) ; Svoboda, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with the factors influencing decisions regarding the purchase of counterfeits. Main conclusions from previous studies were examined using statistical and logistic regression analysis of data from questionnaire, which was filled by 465 students of University of economics in Prague. The most important influences reinforcing the chance to purchase counterfeits proved to be low economic level, low ability to recognize a fake and the impact of buying situation (holidays abroad etc..). High ability to distinguish fake and negative opinion on forgeries and counterfeiting as such most decreased the inclination to purchase. The survey also showed that respondents do not perceive crime associated with counterfeiting as a serious problem - this is essential information for both law enforcement authorities in the suppression of crime, related to forgery, and the companies producing original luxury products themselves.
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Psychological and cultural aspects of the human animal relationship
HEMMEROVÁ, Eva
The bacherol thesis deals with the psychological aspects of attitudes towards animals and with psychological context of eating meat. The theoretical part is focused on a historical development of attitudes towards animals and their socio-cultural determination, and the ethical aspect of our current attitudes towards animals and psychological mechanisms associated with the consumption of meat is discussed there. The empirical part examines attitudes towards animals and dependence of attribution of mental capacities to specific species on its perceived edibility. The research group consists of vegetarians and vegans (n=207) and meat eaters (n=247). Quantitative approach was combined with a qualitative research for better interpretation (n=33). The results support an expected influence of vegetarianism and gender on attitudes towards animals, as well as the influence of meat consumption on the attribution of mental capacity.
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